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We present a species list of spiders collected over a period of more than 5 years in a rainforest reserve in central Amazonia
-Reserva Ducke. The list is mainly based on intense sampling by several methods during two years and frequent visual
sampling during 5 years, but also includes records from other arachnologists and from the literature, in total containing 506
(morpho-)specles in 284 genera and 56 families. The species records from this Neotropical rainforest form the basis for a
biodiversity database for Amazonian spiders with specimens from several Brazilian collections and the collection of the
State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe, where it is housed. This database will in the future facilitate species identification of Neotropical spider collections, allow comparison of morphospecles and serve as an important background for biodiversity evaluation in natural and anthropogenic habitats and the recognition of species distribution and loss. For further evaluation of the structure of Neotropical spider assemblages and their ecological function we present an analysis of the guild structure of the fauna of Reserva Ducke, although we also emphasize the lack of knowledge on natural history and behavior for many of the species.
The beetle fauna of soil and litter in Amazon forest eco-systems was studied by means of Berlese-Tullgren extractions, at 8
sampling dates during 2 years in four experimental plots (one in primary forest, one in secondary forest and two polyculture
plots) of the Embrapa Amazonia Ocidental research centre near Manaus (Brazil). Beetle individuals were found in 99 % of
the extracted litter and soil cores. In total, we recorded 47 beetle families, of which 12 contributed to more than 90% of
the total individual numbers and beetle biomass, respectively. Most individuals recorded were very small averaging less than
2 mm body length. The total number of predator families was low (6 families, 13 %), when compared to that of the decomposers (29 families, 62 %). Only one family was considered herbivorous (Chrysomelidae, 2 %). 28 % of the decomposer families, but 67 % of the predator families ranged among the 12 most abundant beetle families. Among the 12 dominant beetle families the carnivorous Scydmaenidae, Staphylinidae, Carabidae and Pselaphidae represented 51 % of the abundance and 41 % of the biomass. In comparison to other macroarthropods (Chilopoda, Formicidae, Isoptera, Diplopoda)
the contribution of Coleoptera to the total of individual numbers or faunal biomass was rather small. We conclude that
although diversity of the soil dwelling beetles seems to be high, their total contribution to nutrient cycling may be of minor
importance.
Whip spiders belong to a small arachnid order (Amblypygi) that is not well known. Their most conspicuous feature are
the elongated, extremely thin front legs (“whips“, or antenniform legs). These are no longer used for walking but are modified extremities carrying various sense organs - very much like the antennae of insects. Whereas hundreds of olfactory
hairs are concentrated near the tip of each antenniform leg, large bristles (contact chemoreceptors) are evenly distributed over the entire antenniform leg. The sensory hairs of each antenniform leg contribute about 30,000 small sensory
axons which proceed toward the central nervous system (CNS). The sensory fibers originating from the mechanoreceptive bristles make chemical synapses with a few giant interneurons in the periphery. The giant axons (10-20 pm in diameter) of these large interneurons transmit nerve impulses with a high velocity (6 m/s) to the CNS. The purpose of this fast pathway still needs to be determined. Originally it was thought that the fast giant axons would trigger quick escape reactions, but this was not confirmed in physiological experiments. However, other possible behaviors that may be aided by the giant interneurons are prey capture, fighting, and orientation. What makes whip spiders unique is that both synapses and giant neurons are located far out in the peripheral nervous system. In all other arthropods - except for some arachnids - synapses and giant fiber systems are always found inside the CNS, never in the periphery.
Specimens belonging to the Neotropical genus Fauva (Staphylinidae: Osoriinae) were studied from the following collections: Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, Belgium (IRSN); Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA (FMNH); and from a collection from Peru, made available by M. Verhaagh (Karlsruhe, Germany). The genus and four species are redescribed and the new species Fauva becki is described. The genus is divided into two species groups and a key to species is provided.
Four new species of scytodid spiders from Brazil are described: Scytodes becki sp.n. from Niquelandia and Scytodes
eleonorae sp.n. from Sao Domingos, both in the state of Goias; Scytodes skuki sp.n. from Aripuana, Mato Grosso and
Scytodes strussmannae sp.n. from Xapuri, Acre. Together with the synanthropic species S. globula Nicolet and the Brazilian species S. itapevi Brescovit & Rheims these four new species form a distinct group within the Neotropical Scytodes, herein named "globula group" New records for S. globula and S. itapevi are also reported.
The architectural features of the five Nasutitermes species occurring in a Neotropical floodplain (varzea) forest on llha de
Marchantaria in central Amazonia are described: external nest and runway architecture, nest volume, nest height above ground, nesting trees, degree of polycalism). These characteristics are used to build a tentative field key to the nest-building
termite species which should be tested for its usefulness for ecological studies of central Amazonian termites.
In this paper, we describe a new species of Mesoplophora collected from forest floor litter in southwestern Nigeria. Mesoplophora is a cosmopolitan genus of pytchoid mites that has been recorded from the Palaearctic region as well as Morocco
and Tchad in the Ethiopian region. M. ife an a is the first Mesoplophora species to be fully identified and described from Nigeria. Differences between this species, M. ifeana, and other Mesoplophora species recorded from Africa are observed in
respect of the number of spines on the sensillus, presence of two pairs of exobothridial setae and leg chaetotaxy. The lack of information on fine taxonomic details of adults and deutonymphs of M. africana from Tchad as well as the discrepancies in the description of certain morphological features such as organisation and chaetotaxy of the ventral plates as well as the nomenclature of setae on the aspis were noted. Attention was drawn to the unique combination of traits of both lower
and higher Oribatida in Mesoplophora, a trait which may be responsible for its ubiquitous distribution.