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An insect inclusion in Upper Cretaceous Burmese amber contained a well preserved flat bug, Archearadus burmensis gen.
n., sp. n., which is described and figured. It is distinguished from all known genera of Aradidae by various characters that
are discussed. A catalogue is given for Aradidae from Amber deposts described to date.
Whip spiders belong to a small arachnid order (Amblypygi) that is not well known. Their most conspicuous feature are
the elongated, extremely thin front legs (“whips“, or antenniform legs). These are no longer used for walking but are modified extremities carrying various sense organs - very much like the antennae of insects. Whereas hundreds of olfactory
hairs are concentrated near the tip of each antenniform leg, large bristles (contact chemoreceptors) are evenly distributed over the entire antenniform leg. The sensory hairs of each antenniform leg contribute about 30,000 small sensory
axons which proceed toward the central nervous system (CNS). The sensory fibers originating from the mechanoreceptive bristles make chemical synapses with a few giant interneurons in the periphery. The giant axons (10-20 pm in diameter) of these large interneurons transmit nerve impulses with a high velocity (6 m/s) to the CNS. The purpose of this fast pathway still needs to be determined. Originally it was thought that the fast giant axons would trigger quick escape reactions, but this was not confirmed in physiological experiments. However, other possible behaviors that may be aided by the giant interneurons are prey capture, fighting, and orientation. What makes whip spiders unique is that both synapses and giant neurons are located far out in the peripheral nervous system. In all other arthropods - except for some arachnids - synapses and giant fiber systems are always found inside the CNS, never in the periphery.
The wolf spider genus Aglaoctenus is revised, and of the 12 original species only two are considered valid: A . castaneus
(Mello-Leitáo) and A. lagotis (Holmberg). Eight specific names are considered junior synonyms of A. lagotis: Porrimosa
granadensis (Keyserling), P. freiburguensis (Keyserling), P. diversa (O.P.-Cambridge), P. obscura (Keyserling), P. glieschi
(Mello-Leitáo), P. callipoda (Mello-Leitáo), Aglaoctenus bifasciatus Tullgren and A. harknessi (Chamberlin). Aglaoctenus
guianensis Caporiacco, described based on an immature specimen from French Guyana is considered species inquirenda
and Porrimosa securifera Tullgren, based on a female specimen from Argentina is transferred to Orinocosa Chamberlin.
The Aglaoctenus species are distributed exclusively in South America, except Chile.
The oligochaetes Dendrodrilus rubidus (intestine/chloragog), Cognettia sphagnetorum (whole specimens), and the gastropod
Arion subfuscus (midgut gland) collected in the Egge Mountains (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany) accumulated cadmium
(Cd) above the level of that soil horizon they preferably live in. Cd was also detected in the fat body and ovarioles of several
carabid species (Carabus problematicus, Abax parallelipipedus, Pterostichus oblongopunctatus). Seasonal variations were
apparently dependent on the activity and reproduction of the species investigated. In some tissues of field collected Carabus problematicus (intestine, fat body, ovarioles) and of experimentally Cd-stressed Lumbricus terrestris (intestine/chloragog), Enchytraeus albidus (whole specimens), Arion subfuscus (midgut gland), but also in control tissues metallothioneins (MTs) could be detected. These proteins had a low molecular mass (6 to 11 kDa), a high Cd-binding capacity, a considerable amount of cysteine and a higher extinction at 254 nm compared to 280 nm. Cd-stress induced an additional synthesis of these proteins, which was roughly estimated using the cysteine content of the crude MT-fraction.
The beetle fauna of soil and litter in Amazon forest eco-systems was studied by means of Berlese-Tullgren extractions, at 8
sampling dates during 2 years in four experimental plots (one in primary forest, one in secondary forest and two polyculture
plots) of the Embrapa Amazonia Ocidental research centre near Manaus (Brazil). Beetle individuals were found in 99 % of
the extracted litter and soil cores. In total, we recorded 47 beetle families, of which 12 contributed to more than 90% of
the total individual numbers and beetle biomass, respectively. Most individuals recorded were very small averaging less than
2 mm body length. The total number of predator families was low (6 families, 13 %), when compared to that of the decomposers (29 families, 62 %). Only one family was considered herbivorous (Chrysomelidae, 2 %). 28 % of the decomposer families, but 67 % of the predator families ranged among the 12 most abundant beetle families. Among the 12 dominant beetle families the carnivorous Scydmaenidae, Staphylinidae, Carabidae and Pselaphidae represented 51 % of the abundance and 41 % of the biomass. In comparison to other macroarthropods (Chilopoda, Formicidae, Isoptera, Diplopoda)
the contribution of Coleoptera to the total of individual numbers or faunal biomass was rather small. We conclude that
although diversity of the soil dwelling beetles seems to be high, their total contribution to nutrient cycling may be of minor
importance.
The architectural features of the five Nasutitermes species occurring in a Neotropical floodplain (varzea) forest on llha de
Marchantaria in central Amazonia are described: external nest and runway architecture, nest volume, nest height above ground, nesting trees, degree of polycalism). These characteristics are used to build a tentative field key to the nest-building
termite species which should be tested for its usefulness for ecological studies of central Amazonian termites.
Specimens belonging to the Neotropical genus Fauva (Staphylinidae: Osoriinae) were studied from the following collections: Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, Belgium (IRSN); Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA (FMNH); and from a collection from Peru, made available by M. Verhaagh (Karlsruhe, Germany). The genus and four species are redescribed and the new species Fauva becki is described. The genus is divided into two species groups and a key to species is provided.
The collection of the Museo de Paleontología de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico (MPG) contains fossils of vertebrates from
several localities in the State Jalisco, SW-Mexico. The localities are Miocene up to Pleistocene in age. Based on investigations during a visit at the MPG in 2003 a faunal list and a short characterisation of the faunal assemblage are presented in
comparison to the localities Rancho la Brea (California, USA) and Mina (Nuevo León, NE-Mexico). Potential projects for further investigations on the fossil material and the localities are proposed.
A father's story
(2004)
All across the world, in all walks of life, families everywhere look forward to Summer vacations as a way to spend meaningful time together. When my own children were young, I made it a point every year to take them to someplace exciting and new-Florida and New York in the United States, Switzerland and Italy in Europe, Ecuador and various Colombian cities in South America. I always hoped that, as adults, they would look fondly upon the memories they had of their vacation days with their father and one day do the same with their own children.
Although known and housed in German institutions since at least the 19th century, until now marine reptiles from the
Braunjura ß have never been described in detail. The strata have yielded plesiosaur, thalattosuchian and rare ichthyosaur
remains, all fragmentary, most likely due to their deposition in a shallow marine, high energy palaeoenvironment. Cervical
vertebrae, which are housed in the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe (State Museum of Natural History in
Karlsruhe), are described here and reveal the first elasmosaurid plesiosaurs reported to date from the German Dogger.
The subcomplete skeleton of an elasmosaurid plesiosaur recently acquired by the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe (State Museum of Natural History in Karlsruhe) is described. The specimen comes from the early Turanian of the Goulmima region, Morocco, and represents one of the most complete elas- mosaurs known in the world. Owing to the present uncertainties about elasmosaurs systematics, it is referred mainly on stratigraphical grounds to a new species of the genus Libonectes. Some of the bones of the holotype (e.g. cervical vertebrae, ulna) show an unusual type of preservation that might indicate an old-age related pathology. Some aspects of elasmosaurs anatomy suggest non obligatory feeding upon sea floor invertebrates.
A new species of Pertusaria from the Namib desert is described. It is characterized by a smooth, minutely fissured brown thallus with scattered, verruciform apothecia with black ostioles, grey, K+ violet spores and the absence of lichen substances. The species is related to P. melanospora, which differs in having a yellowish thallus and in containing arthothelin and 2,4- dichloronorlichexanthone.
The morphology of the anamorphic hornbeam powdery mildew fungus Oidium carpini on Carpinus betulus is re-examined using light microscopy. All morphological features were documented by line drawings The conidiophore length is very variable and depends on which side of the leaf the conidiophores are formed. This variability is discussed with respect to the morpho-taxonomic value of conidiophore length and identification of anamorphic Erysiphales species. Furthermore, we report this species for the first time from Iran.
Lecanora panis-erucae HERTEL & V. WIRTH, a lichen almost exclusively grazed by the larvae of an unidentified moth, is described as a new species. Lecanora substylosa (losa (losa ZAHLBR.) HERTEl & V. WIRTH comb. nova (basionym:
Lecidea substylosa NYL.), a relative of Lecanora sulphurella HEPP differing by its chemistry, hitherto known only from its type collection, is reported from numerous localities. Lecidella placodina (Lecidella placodina (Lecidella placodina NYL.) HERTEL, previously known only from its type locality in the Angolan part of the Namib Desert, is reported from other localities in
Namibia. Lecidea quartzina STIZ., judged to be a close relative of L. tragorum ZAHLBR., and hitherto known only from its type locality in the Cape Province of South Africa, is reported as new to Namibia. Lecidea sarcogynoides, also hitherto unrecorded for Namibia is reported from a number of localities.
We provide a short history of the development of the Höwenegg quarry between 1985 and 1996, the rationale for continuing the excavations in 2003, and the progress made during the 2004-2006 campaigns. In the 2004 field season we completed our excavation at the western extent of the Main Höwenegg Trench, and retrieved a disturbed Miotragocerus skeleton in close proximity to the other two skeletons retrieved in 2003. We also opened a 5 m thick section in a trench 50 m north of the JÖRG and TOBIEN Quarry, and established the presence of vertebrate fossils and even richer deposits of fossil plant material. The 2005 and 2006 field seasons were dedicated to establishing and opening a new quarry adjacent to, and on the immediate western border of the Main Höwenegg Trench. The establishment of this new Western Quarry required extensive support from the Town of Immendingen for cutting down trees, removing a 1 m thick soil horizon with a
thick mat of roots, and undertaking trenching and bulldozing of disturbed sediments. The Western Quarry, approximately 100 m² in area, was extensively excavated by stratigraphic horizon, and initial correlations to the JÖRG and TOBIEN stratigraphic section made. We provide here statistics on the relative percentages of biotic elements collected, and their representation in our excavations. These analyses demonstrate that Unit 11, a marl where the Miotragocerus and Trionyx skeletons were excavated in 2003 and 2004, is both the richest and contains the most diverse biotic elements at the Höwenegg. These horizons were not excavated in 2004-2006 in the new Western Quarry, but will be in the 2007 field season.
A fossil beetle from the Upper Buntsandstein (Röt-Folge, Lower Triassic) in Karlsruhe Durlach-Eisenhafengrund is described. The specimen is one of the oldest known beetle findings in Germany. According to its stratigrafic context, the finding layer can be correlated with the Voltzia-Sandstone (E-France), which also yielded fossil beetles. The silty matrix, in which the beetle occurs, is interpreted as seasonal playa sediment. The beetle was fragmented during extraction. The lack of diagnostic features of elytra, scutellum and pronotum does not allow to assign the specimen to a family. However, the elytral humeral callus, the set off pronotum with caudolaterally concave margins combined with the size of almost 15 mm allows a diagnostic distinction from other coeval Coleoptera at least in Europe. Therefore, it is justified to refer the specimen from Durlach-Eisenhafengrund to a new genus and species: Durlachia striata.
We report the unexpected discovery of foliicolous lichen communities at several localities in the Black Forest, south-western Germany, with a total of seven truly or facultatively foliicolous taxa: Bacidina chloroticula, Fellhanera bouteillei, F. subtilis, F. viridisorediata, Fellhaneropsis myrtillicola, Gyalectidium setiferum, and Scoliciosporum curvatum. The communities are similar to those reported previously from Belgium, western Germany (Mosel valley), and Austria (Styria), apparently forming a characteristic association across central Europe (Fellhaneretum myrtillicolae SPIER & APTROOT), but are richer in species in the Black Forest than in any of the other areas studied. An identification key is provided to the species of this association in the Black Forest. Gyalectidium setiferum is new for central Europe, and Scoliciosporum curvatum is new to southern Germany.
Since these lichen communities appear to be confined to well-conserved forest and depend on favorable, warm-humid climatic conditions, their potential use as indicators of global climatic change is discussed.